What religion was oliver cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

Royal styles of
Oliver Cromwell,
Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
Reference styleHis Highness
Spoken styleYour Highness
Alternative styleSir

Oliver Cromwell (25 April – 3 September ) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England and primarily because of ethnic cleansing activities in Ireland euphemistically called as Cromwellian Genocide.

Cromwell's actions during his career seem confusing to us today. He supported Parliament against the King, yet he ordered his soldiers to break up parliament. Under his rule, the Protectorate said that people's religious beliefs should be respected, but people who went against what most people believed were sometimes tortured and imprisoned.

Cromwell was the first ruler of England to be a Puritan. He created a new model army. Many English people today think he was one of their greatest leaders.

Early life

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Cromwell started off as a gentleman from Huntingdon. He first studied at Huntingdon Grammar School. He had a bad relationship with his father.

He went on to Sidney Sussex College at the University of Cambridge.

Best biography of oliver cromwell Harper's Magazine. Clarendon was not one of Cromwell's confidantes, and his account was written after the Restoration of the monarchy. Moreover, there were no wholesale confiscations of land or property. By the time he recovered, the Parliamentarians were split over the issue of the King.

This was a new, small college where he had the chance to talk about his new Puritan ideas. However, he never took a degree because his father died in while he was studying.[2]

The English Civil War

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In , Cromwell became an MP and a Puritan and supported Parliament in its quarrel with the King.

When war broke out, the King's army was stronger and better-prepared than the army of Parliament. Cromwell saw this, and he decided to train men to fight better. Soon the "New Model Army" he had trained began to win battles. As a result, Parliament won the war. By the end of the war, Cromwell was very powerful.

The Commonwealth: –

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During the following years, Oliver Cromwell conducted two campaigns to subdue the Irish Catholics (), and in the battles of Dunbar and Worcester () crushed the Scottish royalists, who had proclaimed King Charles II. , first-born of the executed sovereign.

The Rump Parliament

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After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the Commonwealth of England. A Council of State was appointed to manage affairs, which included Cromwell among its members. His real power base was in the army.

Takeover of Ireland

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In , Cromwell took over Ireland.

Many historians believe that Cromwell committed an ethnic cleansing against the IrishCatholic people.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Cromwell wanted the Irish Catholics to move out of eastern Ireland into the northwest.[4] According to these historians, Cromwell and his army used massacres, starvation, and threats of execution to force the Irish to leave.[9][10][11]Historian Frances Stewart says that , Irish people – 43% of the Irish population – died from these policies.[11]

The Protectorate: –

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The House of Commons tried hard to control the army, but could not: in , Cromwell dissolved the House of Commons, yielded legislative power to people of his confidence and took the title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, with powers wider than those enjoyed by the monarch.

During his tenure he reorganized public finances, promoted the liberalization of commerce in order to ensure the prosperity of the mercantile bourgeoisie, promulgated the Navigation Act (), through which he imposed on the Netherlands the English maritime supremacy, defeated the United Provinces (), snatched Jamaica from Spain (), persecuted the Catholics and placed England at the head of the European Protestant countries.

A new constitution known as the Instrument of Government made Cromwell Lord Protector for life. He had the power to call and dissolve parliaments.

In , Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament. Cromwell thought about the offer for six weeks. Then he rejected it and was ceremonially re-installed as "Lord Protector" (with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title) at Westminster Hall.

Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria (probably first contracted while on campaign in Ireland). He died at Whitehall on 3 September , the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester.[12]

After Cromwell's death

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At his death (3 September ), however, the Republic was immersed in a period of chaos, which ended with the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II of England by the Parliament ().

Despite his prudence, the new monarch did not hesitate to order the exhumation of the corpse of the man who had signed the death sentence of his father, to cut off his head and expose it in the Tower of London.

He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the Army, and was forced to resign in the spring of , bringing the Protectorate to an end.

A year later Parliament restored Charles II as king.

When the Royalists returned to power, Cromwell's corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. It is said that his head was lost for months until a soldier found it. His skull was passed around as a token until it was buried at Tyburn.

References

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  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A.

    (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.

  • Adamson, John ().

    King henry viii of england: Some historians argue that Cromwell never accepted responsibility for the killing of civilians in Ireland, claiming that he had acted harshly but only against those "in arms". Why does he remain one of the country's most controversial public figures? Establishment of Barebone's Parliament: Parliament suspended until

    "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of ", in Historical Journal, 30, 3.

  • Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) ( edition). Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations[1]Archived at the Wayback Machine; [2]Archived at the Wayback Machine
  • Coward, Barry (). The Stuart Age: England, .

    Pearson Education. ISBN&#;.

  • Durston, Christopher (). The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals, in English Historical Review (): pp.&#;18–37, ISSN .
  • Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (). Oliver Cromwell, ISBN&#; [3]Archived at the Wayback Machine
  • Gaunt, Peter (). Oliver Cromwell.

    Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN&#;.

  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.
  • Kenyon, John Philipps; Ohlmeyer, Jane H.; Morrill, John Stephen (). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland .

    Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN&#;.

  • Kishlansky, Mark (), "Saye What?" in Historical Journal 33, 4.
  • Lenihan, Padraig (). Confederate Catholics at War, . Cork University Press.
  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution.

    Longman Publishing Group.

  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.
  • Cromwell, Oliver (). Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  • Woolrych, Austin (). Commonwealth to Protectorate.

    Oxford University Press, USA.

  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.
  • Woolrych, Austin (). Soldiers and Statesmen: The General Council of the Army and Its Debates, .
  • Beales, Derek; Best, Geoffrey ().

    History Society Church. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.

  • Worden, Blair (). Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity. ISBN&#;.
  • Worden, Blair (). The Rump Parliament . Cambridge University Press.

  • What did oliver cromwell do
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    • ISBN&#;.

  • Worden, Blair (). "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in Proceedings Of The British Academy pp.&#;– ISSN .
  • Young, Peter (). The English Civil War. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. ISBN&#;.

[change | change source]

  1. ↑Dickens, Charles ().

    A Child's History of England volume 3. Bradbury and Evans. p.&#;

  2. ↑"Cromwell, Oliver". Retrieved 1 January
  3. ↑Norbrook, David (). Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, . Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ↑ Lutz, James M.; Lutz, Brenda J.

    (). Global Terrorism. Psychology Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  5. ↑Levene, Mark (). Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State. pp. ISBN&#;
  6. ↑Coogan, Tim Pat (). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. Palgrave Macmillan. p.&#;6. ISBN&#;.
  7. ↑Axelrod, Alan (). Profiles in Leadership.

    Prentice Hall Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  8. ↑Ellis, Peter Berresford (). Eyewitness to Irish History. Wiley (TP). p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  9. ↑Parliament of England (August 12, ). Act for the Settlement of Ireland.Constitution Society. Retrieved April 9,
  10. ↑Morrill, John (December ).

    Rewriting Cromwell – A Case of Deafening ed at the Wayback MachineCanadian Journal of History38 (3):

  11. ↑ Stewart, Frances ().

    Short biography of oliver cromwell The Lord Protector England saw the Rump Parliament dissolve and the establishment of the Barebones Parliament, which was set up by a preacher. Scots proclaim Charles II as king. As a younger son with many siblings, Robert inherited only a house at Huntingdon and a small amount of land. Archived from the original on 11 May

    War and Underdevelopment. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  12. ↑Gaunt, p

Bibliography

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Biographies

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  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.
  • Ashley, Maurice ().

    The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell (Macmillan). [4]Archived at the Wayback Machine

  • Bennett, Martyn (). Oliver Cromwell. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN&#;.
  • Clifford, Alan C. (). Oliver Cromwell: The Lessons and Legacy of the Protectorate. ISBN&#;.
  • Davis, J.C. (). Oliver Cromwell.

    Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN&#;.

  • Fraser, Antonia (). Cromwell: Our Chief of Men. ISBN&#;.
  • Firth, Charles Harding (). Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England. Elibron Classics. ISBN&#;.
  • Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (). Oliver Cromwell, ISBN&#; Classic biography.

    Thomas cromwell henry viii Patrick Comerford: my thoughts on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry and beach walks. It decreed that the army be "remodeled" on a national basis, replacing the old county associations. Search term:. This made Cromwell undertake the "chief magistracy and the administration of government".

    [5]Archived at the Wayback Machine

  • Gaunt, Peter (). Oliver Cromwell. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN&#;.
  • Hill, Christopher (). God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London&#;: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution.

    Longman Publishing Group.

  • Mason, James; Leonard, Angela (). Oliver Cromwell and the Civil War and Interregnum.
  • Morrill, John (). "Cromwell, Oliver (–)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press) [6]
  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A.

    (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.

  • Paul, Robert (). The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell. [7]Archived at the Wayback Machine
  • Smith, David Lee (). Cromwell and the Interregnum: The Essential Readings. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN&#;.
  • Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica ().

    Oliver Cromwell. Bloomsbury Academic.

  • Beales, Derek; Best, Geoffrey (). History Society Church. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.

Military studies

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  • Durston, Christopher (). "'Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England", in History 85(): pp.&#;–, ISSN .

    Full text online at Ebsco.

  • Durston, Christopher (). "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in English Historical Review (): pp.&#;18–37, ISSN
  • Firth, Charles Harding (). Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier During the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Protectorate.
  • Gillingham, John ().

    Cromwell: Portrait of a Soldier. London&#;: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN&#;.

  • Kenyon, John Philipps; Ohlmeyer, Jane H.; Morrill, John Stephen (). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland . Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN&#;.
  • Kitson, Frank ().

    Old Ironsides: The Military Biography of Oliver Cromwell. Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. ISBN&#;.

  • Marshall, Alan (). Oliver Cromwell, Soldier: The Military Life of a Revolutionary at War. Brassey's. ISBN&#;.
  • Woolrych, Austin (). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in History 75(): , ISSN .

    Full text online at Ebsco.

  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.
  • Young, Peter (). The English Civil War. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. ISBN&#;.

Surveys of era

[change | change source]

  • Coward, Barry ().

    The Cromwellian Protectorate. Manchester University Press. ISBN&#;.

  • Coward, Barry ().

  • King henry viii of england
  • Oliver cromwell of england
  • Sir thomas cromwell

    • The Stuart Age: England, . Pearson Education. ISBN&#;.

  • Davies, Godfrey (). The Early Stuarts, . Oxford&#;: Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Korr, Charles P. (). Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy Toward France, . Berkeley&#;: University of California Press.

    ISBN&#;.

  • Macinnes, Allan I. (). The British Revolution, . Red Globe Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Morrill, John Stephen; Adamson, J.S.A. (). Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. Longman Publishing Group.
  • Trevor-Roper, Hugh (). Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments, in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change (Macmillan).

    onlineArchived at Archive-It

  • Venning, T. (). Cromwellian Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN&#;.
  • Woolrych, Austin ().

    Biography of oliver cromwell Archived from the original on 9 February Many people began to question whether the body mutilated at Tyburn and the head seen on Westminster Hall were Cromwell's. His cavalry's success in breaking the ranks of the Royalist cavalry and then attacking their infantry from the rear at Marston Moor was a major factor in the Parliamentarian victory. In office 31 January — 3 March

    Commonwealth to Protectorate. Oxford University Press, USA.

  • Worden, Blair (). Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity. ISBN&#;.

Primary sources

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  • Abbott, W.C. (ed.) (). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 4 vols.

    The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words. [8]Archived at the Wayback Machine.

  • Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) ( edition), Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations. [9]Archived at the Wayback Machine; [10]Archived at the Wayback Machine
  • Haykin, Michael A. G. (ed.) (). To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell (Joshua Press), Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.
  • Morrill, John ().

    "Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell", in Historical Journal 33(3): pp.&#;– ISSN X . Full text online at Jstor. Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.

  • Cromwell, Oliver (). Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  • Worden, Blair (). Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell, in Proceedings Of The British Academy pp.&#;–, ISSN .

Other websites

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