John roberts age

Larry Roberts (computer scientist)

American electrical engineer and Internet pioneer

For other people named Lawrence Roberts, see Lawrence Roberts (disambiguation).

Lawrence Roberts

Roberts in

Born

Lawrence Gilman Roberts


()December 21,

Westport, Connecticut, U.S.

DiedDecember 26, () (aged&#;81)

Redwood City, California

Alma&#;materMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Known&#;forARPANET, founding father of the Internet
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsComputer science
InstitutionsMIT Lincoln Laboratory, ARPA, Telenet
Academic advisorsSteven Anson Coons

[1][2][3]

Larry Roberts (December 21, – December 26, ) was an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer.

As a program manager and later office director at the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Roberts and his team created the ARPANET using packet switching techniques invented by British computer scientist Donald Davies and American engineer Paul Baran.[4][5] The ARPANET's principal designer was Bob Kahn who worked at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN).

Roberts asked Leonard Kleinrock to apply mathematical methods to model and measure the performance of the network. Subsequent ARPA research on communication protocols for internetworking led to the development of the modern Internet.

Roberts later was CEO of the commercial packet-switching network Telenet, the first public data network in North America.

Early life and education

Lawrence Gilman Roberts, who was known as Larry, was born and raised in Westport, Connecticut.[6] He was the son of Elizabeth (Gilman) and Elliott John Roberts, both of whom had doctorates in chemistry. It is said that during his youth, he built a Tesla coil, assembled a television, and designed a telephone network built from transistors for his parents' Girl Scout camp.[7]

Roberts attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he received his bachelor's degree (), master's degree (), and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., ),[8] all in electrical engineering.[7] Due to his Ph.D.

thesis "Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids"[8] he is known as the father of computer vision.[9][10]

Career

MIT

After receiving his PhD, Roberts continued to work at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory.[7] Having read the seminal paper of the "Intergalactic Computer Network" by J.

C. R. Licklider, Roberts developed a research interest in time-sharing using computer networks.

In a MIT video, Roberts explains and demonstrates Ivan Sutherland's pioneering computer graphics program Sketchpad, then hosted on the MIT Lincoln LaboratoryTX-2 computer.[12]

ARPA

In , although at first reluctant, he was recruited by Robert Taylor in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) to become the program manager for the ARPANET.

Roberts met Paul Baran in February , but did not discuss networks.[13][14] He asked Frank Westervelt to explore the initial design questions for a network.[15] Roberts prepared a proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly.[16] Taylor and Wesley Clark disagreed with this design and Clark suggested the use of dedicated computers to create a message switching network, which were later called Interface Message Processors.[15][17]

At the Symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP) that year, Roberts presented the plan based on Clark's message switching proposal.[18][19][20] There he met a member of Donald Davies's team (Roger Scantlebury) who presented their research on packet switching and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.[21][22] Roberts applied Davies's concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET, and sought input from Paul Baran.[23][24][25][26]

Roberts' plan for the ARPANET was the first wide area packet-switching network with distributed control, similar to Donald Davies' design.[27] ARPA issued a request for quotation (RFQ) to build the system, which was awarded to Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN).

Significant aspects of the network's operation including routing, flow control, software design and network control were developed by the BBN IMP team, which included Bob Kahn. Roberts managed its implementation and contracted with Leonard Kleinrock in to carry out mathematical modelling of the packet-switched network's performance.[28] Roberts engaged Howard Frank to consult on the topological design of the network.

Frank made recommendations to increase throughput and reduce costs in a scaled-up network.[29] When Robert Taylor was sent to Vietnam in and then resigned, Roberts became director of the IPTO.

Roberts became a champion of packet switching.[30] In , he proposed to NPL's Donald Davies that the two organizations connect their networks via a satellite link.

This original proposal proved infeasible, but in Peter Kirstein agreed to Roberts' proposal to connect his research group at University College London (UCL) instead. UCL provided interconnection with British academic networks, forming the first international resource sharing network.[31] Roberts anticipated in that it would be possible to use a satellite's 64 kilobit/second link as a medium shared by multiple satellite earth stations within the beam's footprint.

This was implemented later by Bob Kahn, and resulted in SATNET.

The Purdy Polynomial hash algorithm was developed for the ARPANET to protect passwords in at the request of Roberts.

Roberts approached AT&T in the early s about taking over the ARPANET to offer a public packet switched service but they declined.[32]

In early , Roberts predicted the network would run out of capacity in nine months.

In practice, it was found that the time-sharing host computers ran out of capacity before the network did.[33]

Telenet

In , Roberts left ARPA to join BBN's effort to commercialize the nascent packet-switching technology in the form of Telenet,[34] the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States.

He was its CEO from to Roberts joined the international effort to standardize a protocol for packet switching based on virtual circuits shortly before it was finalized.[35][36] Telenet converted to the X protocol, which was adopted by PTTs across North America and Europe for public data networks in the mid-late s.[37] Roberts promoted this approach over the datagram approach in TCP/IP being pursued by ARPA, which he described as "oversold" in

Later career

In he joined DHL Corporation as President.

At the time, he predicted bandwidths would go down driven by voice compression technology.[38]

He was CEO of NetExpress, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) equipment company, from to Roberts was president of ATM Systems from to He was chairman and CTO of Caspian Networks, but left in early ; Caspian ceased operation in late [39]

As of [update], Roberts was the founder and chairman of Anagran Inc.

Anagran continues work in the same area as Caspian: IP flow management with improved quality of service for the Internet.[40]

Since September , he was CEO of Netmax in Redwood City, California.[41]

Packet switching 'paternity dispute'

Further information: Packet switching §&#;The "paternity dispute"

Roberts claimed in later years that, by the time of the October SOSP, he already had the concept of packet switching in mind (although not yet named and not written down in his paper published at the conference, which a number of sources describe as "vague").[42][43][44][45][46] Furthermore, he claimed that his experiment with Thomas Marill in October ,[47] was based on packet switching;[48][49][50] and that their subsequent paper, Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers, published the following year, was a blueprint for the ARPANET.[51][52][53][54][55] In addition, he began describing himself as having been the "Chief Scientist" at ARPA.[56][57][58] These claims have been reflected in publications about the history of the ARPANET and the Internet, and became part of the packet switching 'paternity dispute'.[59]

Roberts originally viewed his role at ARPA as "largely administrative".[60] His early work, prior to SOSP, has been described as "extend[ing] the concept of a support graphics processor to the idea of a network" using "existing telegraphic techniques".[61][62] Primary sources and historians recognize Baran and Davies for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the ARPANET and the Internet.[63][64][65][66][67]

Personal life

Roberts married and divorced four times.

At the time of his death, his partner was physician Tedde Rinker.[6] Roberts died at his California home from a heart attack on December 26, [6][68]

Awards and honors

  • IEEEHarry H. Goode Memorial Award ( ), "In recognition of his contributions to the architectural design of computer-communication systems, his leadership in creating a fertile research environment leading to advances in computer and satellite communications techniques, his role in the establishment of standard international communication protocols and procedures, and his accomplishments in development and demonstration of packet switching technology and the ensuing networks which grew out of this work."[69]
  • Member, National Academy of Engineering ()[70]
  • L.M.

    Ericsson Prize () in Sweden[70]

  • Computer Design Hall of Fame Award ()[70]
  • IEEE W. Wallace McDowell Award (), "For architecting packet switching technology and bringing it into practical use by means of the ARPA network."[70][71]
  • Association for Computing MachinerySIGCOMM Award (), for "visionary contributions and advanced technology development of computer communication networks".[70][72]
  • IEEE Internet Award () For "early, preeminent contributions in conceiving, analyzing and demonstrating packet-switching networks, the foundation technology of the Internet."[70][73]
  • International Engineering Consortium Fellow Award ()[70]
  • National Academy of EngineeringCharles Stark Draper Prize (), "for the development of the Internet"[74][75]
  • Principe de Asturias Award in Spain "for designing and implementing a system that is changing the world by providing previously unthought of opportunities for social and scientific progress."[76]
  • NEC C&C Award () in Japan "For Contributions to Establishing the Foundation of Today's Internet Technology through the Design and Development of ARPANET and Other Early Computer Networks that were Part of the Initial Internet."[77]
  • In , Roberts was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[78]

See also

References

  1. ^"Lawrence Gilman Roberts"(fee, via Fairfax County Public Library).

    World of Computer Science. Gale. Gale Document Number GALE|K Retrieved January 16, Gale Biography In Context (subscription required)

  2. ^"Big achievements included room-size computers". MIT News. May 21, Retrieved January 16,
  3. ^"Lawrence G. Roberts: W. Wallace McDowell Award Recipient".

    IEEE Computer Society. Archived from the original on April 2, Retrieved January 16,

  4. ^Abbate, Jane ().

    Lawrence g roberts biography of william hill Roberts claimed in later years that by the time of the Gatlinburg symposium, he already had the basic concepts of packet-switching well in mind, and that they originated with his old colleague Len Kleinrock, who had written about them as early as , as part of his Ph. He won the Draper Prize in "for the development of the Internet ", [ 5 ] and the Principe de Asturias Award in Retrieved December 31, He showed us that meaningful innovation often requires bold vision, technical brilliance, and a willingness to challenge conventional wisdom.

    Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. p.&#;3. ISBN&#;.

  5. ^"A Flaw In The Design". The Washington Post. May 30,
  6. ^ abcHafner, Katie (December 30, ). "Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies of a heart attack at 81".

    The New York Times. Retrieved December 30,

  7. ^ abcJosh McHugh (May ). "The n -Dimensional Superswitch". Wired. Wired Magazine.
  8. ^ abRoberts, Lawrence Gillman.

    "Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids"(PDF). Retrieved September 4,

  9. ^Mayor, Dana (January 4, ). "Larry Roberts - Complete Biography, History and Inventions". History-Computer. Retrieved June 21,
  10. ^"Seminar about Computer Vision".
  11. ^Fitch, John; Johnson, Timothy; Roberts, Lawrence ().

    Computer Sketchpad [Ivan Sutherland – Sketchpad Demo (2/2)] (video). Lexington, Massachusetts: MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Roberts appears at – Retrieved January 9, &#; via Association for Computing Machinery. Roberts is not shown in the video's first half (1/2).

  12. ^Waldrop, M.

    Mitchell ().

    John roberts children: Early life and education [ edit ]. Springer Nature. Larry Roberts left an indelible mark on the history of computing and communication, not just through his technical achievements, but through his leadership, vision, and unwavering belief in the transformative power of technology. Deselect all Select all.

    The Dream Machine. Stripe Press. pp.&#;–6. ISBN&#;.

  13. ^O'Neill, Judy (March 5, ). "An Interview with PAUL BARAN"(PDF). p.&#;
  14. ^ abPelkey, James. " Planning the ARPANET: in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching - ". The History of Computer Communications.

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    pp.&#; – doi/ S2CID&#;

  25. ^Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (). Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet. Internet Archive. Simon & Schuster.

    In , Roberts joined the U. It is said that during his youth, he built a Tesla coil , assembled a television, and designed a telephone network built from transistors for his parents' Girl Scout camp. Scientific career. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

    pp.&#;76– ISBN&#;.

  26. ^Trevor Harris, University of Wales (). "Who is the Father of the Internet?". Variety in Mass Communication Research. Archived from the original on October 10, Retrieved February 12,
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  30. Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp.&#;37–8, 58–9. ISBN&#;.

  31. ^Isaacson, Walter (). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon and Schuster. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
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    . Archived from the original on June 27,

  34. ^Roberts "In nearly all respects, Davies’ original proposal, developed in late , was similar to the actual networks being built today."
  35. ^Abbate, Jane (). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp.&#;37–8, 58–9. ISBN&#;.
  36. ^"Howard Frank Looks Back on His Role as an ARPAnet Designer".

    Internet Hall of Fame. April 25, Archived from the original on March 21, Retrieved April 3,

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    IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (1): 38– doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#; Archived from the original(PDF) on February 7,

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  40. ^Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, ). Arpanet Completion Report(PDF) (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.
  41. ^Otis Port (September 27, ).

    "Larry Roberts:He made the Net Work". Business Week. Archived from the original on September 22,

  42. ^Despres, Remi (). "X Virtual Circuits - TRANSPAC in France - Pre-Internet Data Networking". IEEE Communications Magazine. 48 (11): 40– doi/MCOM ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  43. ^Rybczynski, Tony ().

    "Commercialization of packet switching (): A Canadian perspective [History of Communications]". IEEE Communications Magazine. 47 (12): 26– doi/MCOM ISSN&#; S2CID&#;

  44. ^Mathison, Stuart L.; Roberts, Lawrence G.; Walker, Philip M. (). "The history of telenet and the commercialization of packet switching in the U.S.".

    IEEE Communications Magazine. 50 (5): 28– doi/MCOM ISSN&#; S2CID&#;

  45. ^Enterprise, I. D. G. (March 14, ). Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. p.&#;
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    Anagan web site. Archived from the original on May 1, Retrieved April 19,

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    Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications.

    Filters you've selected:. Mari Matsunaga, Dr. S2CID The History of Computer Communications.

    pp.&#; – doi/ S2CID&#;

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    p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  52. ^Kirstein, Peter T. (). "The early history of packet switching in the UK". IEEE Communications Magazine. 47 (2): 18– doi/MCOM S2CID&#;
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    "Larry Roberts Calls Himself the Founder of the Internet. Who Are You to Argue?". Wired. ISSN&#; Retrieved December 1,

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    Biography of william shakespeare November 25, His work laid the conceptual and technological foundation for the internet as we know it, earning him the well-deserved title of "father of the internet. Subsequent ARPA research on communication protocols for internetworking led to the development of the modern Internet. Early life and education [ edit ].

    "Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved February 20,

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    Morgan & Claypool. p.&#;4. ISBN&#;.

  72. ^Abbate, Jane (). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp.&#;37–8, 58–9. ISBN&#;.
  73. ^Norberg, Arthur L.; O'Neill, Judy E. (). Transforming computer technology: information processing for the Pentagon, . Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology New series.

    Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. Prominently cites Baran and Davies as sources of inspiration, and nowhere mentions Kleinrock's work.

  74. ^A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade(PDF) (Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. April 1, pp.&#;13, 53 of Archived from the original on December 1,
  75. ^"Dr.

    Larry Roberts, Internet Pioneer, is dead". On my Om. December 29,

  76. ^"Harry H. Goode Memorial Award". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. April 4, Retrieved December 31,
  77. ^ abcdefg"Brief Summary of Recipients' Careers".

    NEC. November 17,

  78. ^"W. Wallace McDowell Award". IEEE. Archived from the original on November 7, Retrieved September 15,
  79. ^"SIGCOMM Awards". ACMSIGCOMM.
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  81. ^"Lawrence G.

    Roberts Lawrence G. Roberts – Draper Award". NAE Website. Retrieved September 10,

  82. ^"Draper Prize Honors Four 'Fathers of the Internet'". Wall Street Journal. February 12, Retrieved September 5,
  83. ^"The Internet is one of the most eloquent examples of the benefits that accrue from scientific research and a commitment to technological innovation.

    A myriad of people and institutions were involved in this work. The jury wishes to acknowledge them all in awarding the prize to the four leaders of so extraordinary a development."José Luis Álvarez Margaride; Ernesto Carmona Guzmán; et&#;al. (May 23, ). "Minutes of the Jury – Technical and Scientific Research ". Fundación Príncipe de Asturias.

    Archived from the original on November 21, Retrieved April 10,

  84. ^"The great success and popularity of the Internet are due to the efforts of a great many people, but it was the three members of Group B who truly created the technological foundation for its success Dr. Roberts, at ARPA, was responsible for creating the first computer network, the ARPANET, and for its architecture and overall management." "Foundation for C&C Promotion Announces Recipients of C&C Prize – Mr.

    Kei-ichi Enoki, Mr. Takeshi Natsuno, Ms. Mari Matsunaga, Dr. Robert E. Kahn, Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts, & Professor Leonard Kleinrock". NEC. November 17,

  85. ^ InducteesArchived December 13, , at the Wayback Machine, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed April 24,

Bibliography

External links

  • Larry Roberts, "The ARPANET and Computer Networks", Computer History Museum,
  • Personal website
  • Oral history interview with Lawrence G.

    Roberts. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Roberts directed the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) during – and was later chief operating officer of Network Express. The interview focuses on IPTO and the Advanced Research Projects Agency. Much of Roberts's description of the work of ARPA and IPTO is set within the context of his interactions with Congress on budget matters.

    Topics include J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Stephen J. Lukasik, Wesley Clark, ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO.

  • Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.

    Kahn discusses the work of various DARPA and IPTO personnel including J. C. R. Licklider, Vinton Cerf, and Larry Roberts

  • Lawrence G. Roberts'sArchived June 18, , at the Wayback Machine profile on Internet EvolutionArchived March 29, , at the Wayback Machine, "the macrosite for news, analysis, & opinion about the future of the internet."
  • "Obituary: Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet’s Precursor, Dies at 81", Katie Hafner, New York Times, December 30,