H.g. wells famous works

H. G. Wells

English writer (–)

For other uses, see H. G. Wells (disambiguation).

Herbert George Wells (21 September – 13 August ) was an English writer, prolific in many genres. He wrote more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories. His non-fiction output included works of social commentary, politics, history, popular science, satire, biography, and autobiography.

Wells' science fiction novels are so well regarded that he has been called the "father of science fiction".[1][2]

In addition to his fame as a writer, he was prominent in his lifetime as a forward-looking, even prophetic social critic who devoted his literary talents to the development of a progressive vision on a global scale.

As a futurist, he wrote a number of utopian works[3] and foresaw the advent of aircraft, tanks, space travel, nuclear weapons, satellite television and something resembling the World Wide Web.[4][5] His science fiction imagined time travel, alien invasion, invisibility and biological engineering before these subjects were common in the genre.[4]Brian Aldiss referred to Wells as the "Shakespeare of science fiction", while Charles Fort called him a "wild talent".[6]:&#;7&#;[7]

Wells rendered his works convincing by instilling commonplace detail alongside a single extraordinary assumption per work&#;&#; dubbed "Wells's law"&#;&#; leading Joseph Conrad to hail him in with "O Realist of the Fantastic!".[8] His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine (), which was his first novella, The Island of Doctor Moreau (), The Invisible Man (), The War of the Worlds (), the military science fiction The War in the Air (), and the dystopianWhen the Sleeper Wakes ().

Novels of social realism such as Kipps () and The History of Mr Polly (), which describe lower-middle-class English life, led to the suggestion that he was a worthy successor to Charles Dickens,[9]:&#;99&#; but Wells described a range of social strata and even attempted, in Tono-Bungay (), a diagnosis of English society as a whole.

Wells was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.[10]

Wells's earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a Darwinian context.[11] He was also an outspoken socialist from a young age, often (but not always, as at the beginning of the First World War) sympathising with pacifist views.[12][13] In his later years, he wrote less fiction and more works expounding his political and social views, sometimes giving his profession as that of journalist.[9] Wells was a diabetic and co-founded the charity The Diabetic Association (Diabetes UK) in [14]

Life

Early life

Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House, High Street in Bromley, Kent,[15] on 21 September [16] Called "Bertie" by his family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells, a former domestic gardener, and at the time a shopkeeper and professional cricketer and Sarah Neal, a former domestic servant.

An inheritance had allowed the family to acquire a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it failed to prosper in part because the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. Joseph Wells managed to earn a meagre income, but little of it came from the shop and he received an unsteady amount of money from playing professional cricket for the Kent county team.[17]

A defining incident of young Wells's life was an accident in that left him bedridden with a broken leg.[16] To pass the time he began to read books from the local library, brought to him by his father.

He soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school founded in , following the bankruptcy of Morley's earlier school. The teaching was erratic, and the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing copperplate handwriting and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen.

Wells continued at Morley's Academy until In , his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh. The accident effectively put an end to Joseph's career as a cricketer, and his subsequent earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss of the primary source of family income.[18]

No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their sons as apprentices in various occupations.[20] From to , Wells had an unhappy apprenticeship as a draper at Hyde's Drapery Emporium in Southsea.[21] His experiences at Hyde's, where he worked a thirteen-hour day and slept in a dormitory with other apprentices,[15] later inspired his novels The Wheels of Chance, The History of Mr Polly, and Kipps, which portray the life of a draper's apprentice as well as providing a critique of society's distribution of wealth.[22]:&#;2&#;

Wells's parents had a turbulent marriage, owing primarily to his mother being a Protestant and his father being a freethinker.

Jules verne biography: By Karen Schweitzer Karen Schweitzer. According to David C. Winston Churchill was an avid reader of Wells's books; after they first met in , they kept in touch until Wells died in Politically, Wells supported socialist ideals.

When his mother returned to work as a lady's maid (at Uppark, a country house in West Sussex), one of the conditions of work was that she would not be permitted to have living space for her husband and children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and remained faithful to each other.

As a consequence, Herbert's personal troubles increased as he subsequently failed as a draper and also, later, as a chemist's assistant. However, Uppark had a magnificent library in which he immersed himself, reading many classic works, including Plato's Republic, Thomas More's Utopia, and the works of Daniel Defoe.[23] When he became the first doyen of science fiction as a distinct genre of fiction, Wells referenced Mary Shelley's Frankenstein in relation to his works, writing, "they belong to a class of writing which includes the story of Frankenstein."[24]

Teacher

In October , Wells's mother arranged through a distant relative, Arthur Williams, for him to join the National School at Wookey in Somerset as a pupil–teacher, a senior pupil who acted as a teacher of younger children.[21] In December that year, however, Williams was dismissed for irregularities in his qualifications and Wells was returned to Uppark.

After a short apprenticeship at a chemist in nearby Midhurst and an even shorter stay as a boarder at Midhurst Grammar School, he signed his apprenticeship papers at Hyde's. In , Wells persuaded his parents to release him from the apprenticeship, taking an opportunity offered by Midhurst Grammar School again to become a pupil–teacher; his proficiency in Latin and science during his earlier short stay had been remembered.[17][21]

The years he spent in Southsea had been the most miserable of his life to that point, but his good fortune in securing a position at Midhurst Grammar School meant that Wells could continue his self-education in earnest.[17] The following year, Wells won a scholarship to the Normal School of Science (later the Royal College of Science in South Kensington, which became part of Imperial College London) in London, studying biology under Thomas Henry Huxley.[22]:&#;&#; As an alumnus, he later helped to set up the Royal College of Science Association, of which he became the first president in Wells studied in his new school until , with a weekly allowance of 21 shillings (a guinea) thanks to his scholarship.

Hg wells biography book list While having some sympathy for Deeks, he argues that she had a weak case that was not well presented, and though she may have met with sexism from her lawyers, she received a fair trial, adding that the law applied is essentially the same law that would be applied to a similar case today i. Wayne Barlowe Dougal Dixon C. ISBN Authors : Adam Roberts.

This ought to have been a comfortable sum of money (at the time many working class families had "round about a pound a week" as their entire household income),[25] yet in his Experiment in Autobiography Wells speaks of constantly being hungry, and indeed photographs of him at the time show a youth who is very thin and malnourished.[26]

He soon entered the debating society of the school.

These years mark the beginning of his interest in a possible reformation of society. At first approaching the subject through Plato's Republic, he soon turned to contemporary ideas of socialism as expressed by the recently formed Fabian Society and free lectures delivered at Kelmscott House, the home of William Morris.

He was also among the founders of The Science School Journal, a school magazine that allowed him to express his views on literature and society, as well as trying his hand at fiction; a precursor to his novel The Time Machine was published in the journal under the title "The Chronic Argonauts". The school year –87 was the last year of his studies.[22]:&#;&#;

During , Wells stayed in Stoke-on-Trent, living in Basford.

The unique environment of The Potteries was certainly an inspiration. He wrote in a letter to a friend from the area that "the district made an immense impression on me". The inspiration for some of his descriptions in The War of the Worlds is thought to have come from his short time spent here, seeing the iron foundry furnaces burn over the city, shooting huge red light into the skies.

His stay in The Potteries also resulted in the macabre short story "The Cone" (, contemporaneous with his famous The Time Machine), set in the north of the city.[27]:&#;90&#;

After teaching for some time—he was briefly on the staff of Holt Academy in Wales[28]—Wells found it necessary to supplement his knowledge relating to educational principles and methodology and entered the College of Preceptors (College of Teachers).

He later received his Licentiate and Fellowship FCP diplomas from the college. It was not until that Wells earned a Bachelor of Science degree in zoology from the University of London External Programme. In –90, he managed to find a post as a teacher at Henley House School in London, where he taught A. A. Milne (whose father ran the school).[29][30] His first published work was a Text-Book of Biology in two volumes ().[31]

Upon leaving the Normal School of Science, Wells was left without a source of income.

Hg wells biography book Archived from the original on 8 November However, Wells later became a strong supporter of the establishment of a Jewish state in response to the Holocaust. Wells also wrote the preface for the first edition of W. Bloomsbury Publishing.

His aunt Mary—his father's sister-in-law—invited him to stay with her for a while, which solved his immediate problem of accommodation. During his stay at his aunt's, he grew increasingly interested in her daughter, Isabel, whom he later courted and married. To earn money, he began writing short humorous articles for journals such as The Pall Mall Gazette, later collecting these in Select Conversations with an Uncle () and Certain Personal Matters ().

So prolific did Wells become at this mode of journalism that many of his early pieces remain unidentified. According to David C. Smith,

Most of Wells's occasional pieces have not been collected, and many have not even been identified as his. Wells did not automatically receive the byline his reputation demanded until after or so&#;.

As a result, many of his early pieces are unknown. It is obvious that many early Wells items have been lost.[32]

His success with these shorter pieces encouraged him to write book-length work, and he published his first novel, The Time Machine, in [33]

Personal life

In , Wells married his cousin Isabel Mary Wells (–; from Isabel Mary Smith).[35] The couple agreed to separate in , when he had fallen in love with one of his students, Amy Catherine Robbins (–; later known as Jane), with whom he moved to Woking, Surrey, in May They lived in a rented house, 'Lynton' (now No.

), Maybury Road, in the town centre for just under 18 months and married at St Pancras register office in October [36][22]:&#;&#; His short period in Woking was perhaps the most creative and productive of his whole writing career; while there, he planned and wrote The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine, completed The Island of Doctor Moreau, wrote and published The Wonderful Visit and The Wheels of Chance, and began writing two other early books, When the Sleeper Wakes and Love and Mr Lewisham.[36][37]

In late summer , Wells and Jane moved to a larger house in Worcester Park, near Kingston upon Thames, for two years; this lasted until his poor health took them to Sandgate, near Folkestone, where he constructed a large family home, Spade House, in He had two sons with Jane: George Philip (known as "Gip"; –) and Frank Richard (–)[6]:&#;&#; (grandfather of film director Simon Wells).

Jane died on 6 October , in Dunmow, at the age of 55, which left Wells devastated. She was cremated at Golders Green, with friends of the couple present including George Bernard Shaw.[27]:&#;64&#;

Wells had multiple love affairs.[38]Dorothy Richardson was a friend with whom he had a brief affair which led to a pregnancy and miscarriage, in Wells' wife had been a schoolmate of Richardson.[39] In December , he had a daughter, Anna-Jane, with the writer Amber Reeves,[40] whose parents, William and Maud Pember Reeves, he had met through the Fabian Society.

Amber had married the barrister G. R. Blanco White in July of that year, as co-arranged by Wells. After Beatrice Webb voiced disapproval of Wells's "sordid intrigue" with Amber, he responded by lampooning Beatrice Webb and her husband Sidney Webb in his novel The New Machiavelli as 'Altiora and Oscar Bailey', a pair of short-sighted, bourgeois manipulators.

Between and , novelist Elizabeth von Arnim was one of his mistresses.[41] In , he had a son, Anthony West (–), by the novelist and feministRebecca West, 26 years his junior.[42] In –21, and intermittently until his death, he had a love affair with the American birth control activist Margaret Sanger.[43]

Between and , he partnered with the year-younger Dutch adventurer and writer Odette Keun, with whom he lived in Lou Pidou, a house they built together in Grasse, France.

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    • Wells dedicated his longest book to her (The World of William Clissold, ).[44] When visiting Maxim Gorky in Russia , he had slept with Gorky's mistress Moura Budberg,[45] then still Countess Benckendorf and 27 years his junior. In , when she left Gorky and emigrated to London, their relationship renewed and she cared for him through his final illness.

    Wells repeatedly asked her to marry him, but Budberg strongly rejected his proposals.[46][47]

    In Experiment in Autobiography (), Wells wrote: "I was never a great amorist, though I have loved several people very deeply".[48]David Lodge's novel A Man of Parts ()&#;&#; a 'narrative based on factual sources' (author's note)&#;&#; gives a convincing and generally sympathetic account of Wells's relations with the women mentioned above, and others.[49]

    Artist

    One of the ways that Wells expressed himself was through his drawings and sketches.

    One common location for these was the endpapers and title pages of his own diaries, and they covered a wide variety of topics, from political commentary to his feelings toward his literary contemporaries and his current romantic interests. During his marriage to Amy Catherine, whom he nicknamed Jane, he drew a considerable number of pictures, many of them being overt comments on their marriage.

    During this period, he called these pictures "picshuas".[50] These picshuas have been the topic of study by Wells scholars for many years, and in , a book was published on the subject.[51]

    Writer

    Some of his early novels, called "scientific romances", invented several themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon.

    He also wrote realistic novels that received critical acclaim, including Kipps and a critique of English culture during the Edwardian period, Tono-Bungay. Wells also wrote dozens of short stories and novellas, including, "The Flowering of the Strange Orchid", which helped bring the full impact of Darwin's revolutionary botanical ideas to a wider public, and was followed by many later successes such as "The Country of the Blind" ().[52]

    Writer James E.

    Gunn contended that one of Wells's major contributions to the science fiction genre was his approach, referring to it as his "new system of ideas".[53] Gunn opined that an author should always strive to make the story as credible as possible, even if both the writer and the reader knew certain elements are impossible, allowing the reader to accept the ideas as something that could really happen, today referred to as "the plausible impossible" and "suspension of disbelief".

    While neither invisibility nor time travel was new in speculative fiction, Wells added a sense of realism to the concepts which the readers were not familiar with. He conceived the idea of using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposely and selectively forwards or backwards in time.[54] The term "time machine", coined by Wells, is almost universally used to refer to such a vehicle.[23] He explained that while writing The Time Machine, he realized that "the more impossible the story I had to tell, the more ordinary must be the setting, and the circumstances in which I now set the Time Traveller were all that I could imagine of solid upper-class comforts."[55] In "Wells's Law", a science fiction story should contain only a single extraordinary assumption.

    Therefore, as justifications for the impossible, he employed scientific ideas and theories. Wells's best-known statement of the "law" appears in his introduction to a collection of his works published in

    As soon as the magic trick has been done the whole business of the fantasy writer is to keep everything else human and real.

    Touches of prosaic detail are imperative and a rigorous adherence to the hypothesis. Any extra fantasy outside the cardinal assumption immediately gives a touch of irresponsible silliness to the invention.[56][57]

    Dr.

    Hg wells biography book pdf Escape radio program The Rook comic book series. Le Guin [ ] all recalled being influenced by Wells. The Independent. Partington

    Griffin / The Invisible Man is a brilliant research scientist who discovers a method of invisibility, but finds himself unable to reverse the process. An enthusiast of random and irresponsible violence, Griffin has become an iconic character in horror fiction.[58]The Island of Doctor Moreau sees a shipwrecked man left on the island home of Doctor Moreau, a mad scientist who creates human-like hybrid beings from animals via vivisection.[59] The earliest depiction of uplift, the novel deals with a number of philosophical themes, including pain and cruelty, moral responsibility, human identity, and human interference with nature.[60] In The First Men in the Moon Wells used the idea of radio communication between astronomical objects, a plot point inspired by Nikola Tesla's claim that he had received radio signals from Mars.[61] In addition to science fiction, Wells produced work dealing with mythological beings like an angel in The Wonderful Visit () and a mermaid in The Sea Lady ().[62]

    Though Tono-Bungay is not a science-fiction novel, radioactive decay plays a small but consequential role in it.

    Radioactive decay plays a much larger role in The World Set Free (), a book dedicated to Frederick Soddy who would receive a Nobel for proving the existence of radioactive isotopes.[63] This book contains what is surely Wells's biggest prophetic "hit", with the first description of a nuclear weapon (which he termed "atomic bombs").[63][64] Scientists of the day were well aware that the natural decay of radium releases energy at a slow rate over thousands of years.

    The rate of release is too slow to have practical utility, but the total amount released is huge. Wells's novel revolves around an (unspecified) invention that accelerates the process of radioactive decay, producing bombs that explode with no more than the force of ordinary high explosives—but which "continue to explode" for days on end.

    "Nothing could have been more obvious to the people of the earlier twentieth century, than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible&#; [but] they did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands".[64] In , the physicist and conceiver of nuclear chain reactionLeó Szilárd read The World Set Free (the same year Sir James Chadwick discovered the neutron), a book which he wrote in his memoirs had made "a very great impression on me".[65] In , Szilárd took his ideas for a chain reaction to the British War Office and later the Admiralty, assigning his patent to the Admiralty to keep the news from reaching the notice of the wider scientific community.

    He wrote, "Knowing what this [a chain reaction] would mean—and I knew it because I had read H.&#;G. Wells—I did not want this patent to become public."[63]

    Wells also wrote non-fiction. His first non-fiction bestseller was Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought ().

    When originally serialised in a magazine it was subtitled "An Experiment in Prophecy", and is considered his most explicitly futuristic work. It offered the immediate political message of the privileged sections of society continuing to bar capable men from other classes from advancement until war would force a need to employ those most able, rather than the traditional upper classes, as leaders.

    Anticipating what the world would be like in the year , the book is interesting both for its hits (trains and cars resulting in the dispersion of populations from cities to suburbs; moral restrictions declining as men and women seek greater sexual freedom; the defeat of German militarism, and the existence of a European Union) and its misses (he did not expect successful aircraft before , and averred that "my imagination refuses to see any sort of submarine doing anything but suffocate its crew and founder at sea").[66][67]

    His bestselling two-volume work, The Outline of History (), began a new era of popularised world history.

    It received a mixed critical response from professional historians.[68] However, it was very popular amongst the general population and made Wells a rich man. Many other authors followed with "Outlines" of their own in other subjects. He reprised his Outline in with a much shorter popular work, A Short History of the World, a history book praised by Albert Einstein,[69] and two long efforts, The Science of Life ()—written with his son G.

    P. Wells and evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley, and The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind ().[70][71] The "Outlines" became sufficiently common for James Thurber to parody the trend in his humorous essay, "An Outline of Scientists"—indeed, Wells's Outline of History remains in print with a new edition, while A Short History of the World has been re-edited ().[72]

    From quite early in Wells's career, he sought a better way to organise society and wrote a number of Utopian novels.[3] The first of these was A Modern Utopia (), which shows a worldwide utopia with "no imports but meteorites, and no exports at all";[73] two travellers from our world fall into its alternate history.

    The others usually begin with the world rushing to catastrophe, until people realise a better way of living: whether by mysterious gases from a comet causing people to behave rationally and abandoning a European war (In the Days of the Comet ()), or a world council of scientists taking over, as in The Shape of Things to Come (, which he later adapted for the Alexander Korda film, Things to Come).

    This depicted, all too accurately, the impending World War, with cities being destroyed by aerial bombs. He also portrayed the rise of fascist dictators in The Autocracy of Mr Parham () and The Holy Terror (). Men Like Gods () is also a utopian novel. Wells in this period was regarded as an enormously influential figure; the literary critic Malcolm Cowley stated: "by the time he was forty, his influence was wider than any other living English writer".[74]

    Wells contemplates the ideas of nature and nurture and questions humanity in books such as The First Men in the Moon, where nature is completely suppressed by nurture, and The Island of Doctor Moreau, where the strong presence of nature represents a threat to a civilized society.

    Not all his scientific romances ended in a Utopia, and Wells also wrote a dystopian novel, When the Sleeper Wakes (, rewritten as The Sleeper Awakes, ), which pictures a future society where the classes have become more and more separated, leading to a revolt of the masses against the rulers.[75]The Island of Doctor Moreau is even darker.

    The narrator, having been trapped on an island of animals vivisected (unsuccessfully) into human beings, eventually returns to England; like Gulliver on his return from the Houyhnhnms, he finds himself unable to shake off the perceptions of his fellow humans as barely civilised beasts, slowly reverting to their animal natures.[76]

    Wells also wrote the preface for the first edition of W.

    N. P. Barbellion's diaries, The Journal of a Disappointed Man, published in Since "Barbellion" was the real author's pen name, many reviewers believed Wells to have been the true author of the Journal; Wells always denied this, despite being full of praise for the diaries.[77]

    In , a Canadian teacher and writer Florence Deeks unsuccessfully sued Wells for infringement of and breach of trust, claiming that much of The Outline of History had been plagiarised from her unpublished manuscript,[78]The Web of the World's Romance, which had spent nearly nine months in the hands of Wells's Canadian publisher, Macmillan Canada.[79] However, it was sworn on oath at the trial that the manuscript remained in Toronto in the safekeeping of Macmillan, and that Wells did not even know it existed, let alone seen it.[80] The court found no proof of copying, and decided the similarities were due to the fact that the books had similar nature and both writers had access to the same sources.[81] The case went on appeal from the Canadian courts to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, at that time the highest court of appeal for the British Empire, which dismissed the appeal in Deeks v Wells.[82] In , A.

    B. McKillop, a professor of history at Carleton University, produced a book on the case, The Spinster & The Prophet: Florence Deeks, H.&#;G. Wells, and the Mystery of the Purloined Past.[83] According to McKillop, the lawsuit was unsuccessful due to the prejudice against a woman suing a well-known and famous male author, and he paints a detailed story based on the circumstantial evidence of the case.[84] In , Denis N.

    Magnusson, professor emeritus of the Faculty of Law, Queen's University, Ontario, published an article on Deeks v. Wells. This re-examines the case in relation to McKillop's book. While having some sympathy for Deeks, he argues that she had a weak case that was not well presented, and though she may have met with sexism from her lawyers, she received a fair trial, adding that the law applied is essentially the same law that would be applied to a similar case today (i.e., ).[85]

    In , Wells predicted in The Shape of Things to Come that the world war he feared would begin in January ,[86] a prediction which ultimately came true four months early, in September , with the outbreak of World War II.[6]:&#;&#; In , before the Royal Institution, Wells called for the compilation of a constantly growing and changing World Encyclopaedia, to be reviewed by outstanding authorities and made accessible to every human being.

    He also presented on his conception of a world encyclopedia at the World Congress of Universal Documentation in Paris in [87]

    In , he published a collection of essays on the future organisation of knowledge and education, World Brain, including the essay "The Idea of a Permanent World Encyclopaedia".[88]

    Prior to , Wells's books were widely read in Germany and Austria, and most of his science fiction works had been translated shortly after publication.[89] By , he had attracted the attention of German officials because of his criticism of the political situation in Germany, and on 10 May , Wells's books were burned by the Nazi youth in Berlin's Opernplatz, and his works were banned from libraries and book stores.[89] Wells, as president of PEN International (Poets, Essayists, Novelists), angered the Nazis by overseeing the expulsion of the German PEN club from the international body in following the German PEN's refusal to admit non-Aryan writers to its membership.

    At a PEN conference in Ragusa, Wells refused to yield to Nazi sympathisers who demanded that the exiled author Ernst Toller be prevented from speaking.[89] Near the end of World War II, Allied forces discovered that the SS had compiled lists of people slated for immediate arrest during the invasion of Britain in the abandoned Operation Sea Lion, with Wells included in the alphabetical list of "The Black Book".[90]

    Wartime works

    Seeking a more structured way to play war games, Wells wrote Floor Games () followed by Little Wars (), which set out rules for fighting battles with toy soldiers (miniatures).[91] A pacifist prior to the First World War, Wells stated "how much better is this amiable miniature [war] than the real thing".[91] According to Wells, the idea of the game developed from a visit by his friend Jerome K.

    Jerome. After dinner, Jerome began shooting down toy soldiers with a toy cannon and Wells joined in to compete.[91]

    During August , immediately after the outbreak of the First World War, Wells published a number of articles in London newspapers that subsequently appeared as a book entitled The War That Will End War.[6]:&#;&#;[92] He coined the expression with the idealistic belief that the result of the war would make a future conflict impossible.[93] Wells blamed the Central Powers for the coming of the war and argued that only the defeat of German militarism could bring about an end to war.[94] Wells used the shorter form of the phrase, "the war to end war", in In the Fourth Year (), in which he noted that the phrase "got into circulation" in the second half of [95] In fact, it had become one of the most common catchphrases of the war.[94]

    In , Wells worked for the British War Propaganda Bureau, also called Wellington House.[96] Wells was also one of fifty-three leading British authors — a number that included Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle — who signed their names to the "Authors' Declaration." This manifesto declared that the German invasion of Belgium had been a brutal crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take part in the present war".[96]

    Travels to Russia and the Soviet Union

    Wells visited Russia three times: , and After his visits to Petrograd and Moscow, in January , he came back to England, "a staunch Russophile".

    His views were recorded in a newspaper article, "Russia and England: A Study on Contrasts", published in The Daily News on 1 February , and in his novel Joan and Peter ().[97] During his second visit, he saw his old friend Maxim Gorky and with Gorky's help, met Vladimir Lenin. In his book Russia in the Shadows, Wells portrayed Russia as recovering from a total social collapse, "the completest that has ever happened to any modern social organisation".[98] On 23 July , after visiting U.S.

    President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Wells went to the Soviet Union and interviewed Joseph Stalin for three hours for the New Statesman magazine, which was extremely rare at that time. He told Stalin how he had seen 'the happy faces of healthy people' in contrast with his previous visit to Moscow in [99] However, he also criticised the lawlessness, class discrimination, state violence, and absence of free expression.

    Stalin enjoyed the conversation and replied accordingly. As the chairman of the London-based PEN International, which protected the rights of authors to write without being intimidated, Wells hoped by his trip to USSR, he could win Stalin over by force of argument. Before he left, he realised that no reform was to happen in the near future.[][]

    Final years

    Wells's greatest literary output occurred before the First World War, which was lamented by younger authors whom he had influenced.

    In this connection, George Orwell described Wells as "too sane to understand the modern world", and "since he has squandered his talents in slaying paper dragons."[]G. K. Chesterton quipped: "Mr Wells is a born storyteller who has sold his birthright for a pot of message".[]

    Wells had diabetes,[] and was a co-founder in of The Diabetic Association (now Diabetes UK, the leading charity for people with diabetes in the UK).[]

    On 28 October , on the radio station KTSA in San Antonio, Texas, Wells took part in a radio interview with Orson Welles, who two years previously had performed a famous radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds.

    During the interview, by Charles C Shaw, a KTSA radio host, Wells admitted his surprise at the sensation that resulted from the broadcast but acknowledged his debt to Welles for increasing sales of one of his "more obscure" titles.[]

    Death

    Wells died on 13 August , aged 79, at his home at 13 Hanover Terrace, overlooking Regent's Park, London.[][16] In his preface to the edition of The War in the Air, Wells had stated that his epitaph should be: "I told you so.

    You damned fools."[] Wells's body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 16 August ; his ashes were subsequently scattered into the English Channel at Old Harry Rocks, the most eastern point of the Jurassic Coast and about miles (&#;km) from Swanage in Dorset.[]

    A commemorative blue plaque in his honour was installed by the Greater London Council at his home in Regent's Park in []

    Futurist

    A futurist and "visionary", Wells foresaw the advent of aircraft, tanks, space travel, nuclear weapons, satellite television, and something resembling the World Wide Web.[5] Asserting that "Wells's visions of the future remain unsurpassed", John Higgs, author of Stranger Than We Can Imagine: Making Sense of the Twentieth Century, states that in the late 19th century Wells "saw the coming century clearer than anyone else.

    He anticipated wars in the air, the sexual revolution, motorised transport causing the growth of suburbs and a proto-Wikipedia he called the "world brain". In his novel The World Set Free, he imagined an "atomic bomb" of terrifying power that would be dropped from aeroplanes. This was an extraordinary insight for an author writing in , and it made a deep impression on Winston Churchill."[]

    Many readers have hailed H.&#;G.

    Wells and George Orwell as special kinds of writers, ones endowed with remarkable prescriptive and prophetic powers. Wells was the twentieth-century prototype of this literary vatic figure: he invented the role, explored its possibilities, especially through new forms of prose and new ways to publish, and defined its boundaries.

    His impact on his culture was profound; as George Orwell wrote, "The minds of all of us, and therefore the physical world, would be perceptibly different if Wells had never existed."

    —&#;The Author as Cultural Hero: H.&#;G. Wells and George Orwell.[]

    In , Wells was among a group of science fiction writers featured in the Prophets of Science Fiction series, a show produced and hosted by film director Sir Ridley Scott, which depicts how predictions influenced the development of scientific advancements by inspiring many readers to assist in transforming those futuristic visions into everyday reality.[] In a review of The Time Machine for the New Yorker magazine, Brad Leithauser writes, "At the base of Wells's great visionary exploit is this rational, ultimately scientific attempt to tease out the potential future consequences of present conditions—not as they might arise in a few years, or even decades, but millennia hence, epochs hence.

    He is world literature's Great Extrapolator. Like no other fiction writer before him, he embraced "deep time".[]

    Political views

    Main article: Political views of H. G. Wells

    Wells was a socialist and a member of the Fabian Society.[] He stood as a Labour Party candidate for London University in the and general elections.[]

    Winston Churchill was an avid reader of Wells's books; after they first met in , they kept in touch until Wells died in [] As a junior minister, Churchill borrowed lines from Wells for one of his most famous early landmark speeches in ; as Prime Minister, the phrase "the gathering storm"—used by Churchill to describe the rise of Nazi Germany—had been written by Wells in The War of the Worlds, which depicts an attack on Britain by Martians.[] Wells's extensive writings on equality and human rights, most notably his most influential work, The Rights of Man (), laid the groundwork for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the United Nations shortly after his death.[]

    His efforts regarding the League of Nations, on which he collaborated on the project with Leonard Woolf with the booklets The Idea of a League of Nations, Prolegomena to the Study of World Organization, and The Way of the League of Nations, became a disappointment as the organization turned out to be a weak one unable to prevent the Second World War, which itself occurred towards the very end of his life and only increased the pessimistic side of his nature.[] In his last book Mind at the End of Its Tether (), he considered the idea that humanity being replaced by another species might not be a bad idea.

    He referred to the era between the two World Wars as "The Age of Frustration".[]

    Wells was initially an opponent of Zionism. In In the Days of the Comet, Jews are described as parasites on European society. However, Wells later became a strong supporter of the establishment of a Jewish state in response to the Holocaust.[]

    He was a member of The Other Club, a London dining club.

    Religious views

    Wells' views on God and religion changed over his lifetime. Early in his life, he distanced himself from Christianity, and later from theism; finally, late in life, he was essentially atheistic. Martin Gardner summarises this progression:

    [The younger Wells]&#; did not object to using the word "God" provided it did not imply anything resembling human personality.

    In his middle years Wells went through a phase of defending the concept of a "finite God," similar to the god of such process theologians as Samuel Alexander, Edgar Brightman, and Charles Hartshorne. (He even wrote a book about it called God the Invisible King.) Later Wells decided he was really an atheist.[]

    In God the Invisible King (), Wells wrote that his idea of God did not draw upon the traditional religions of the world:

    This book sets out as forcibly and exactly as possible the religious belief of the writer.

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    • [Which] is a profound belief in a personal and intimate God.&#; Putting the leading idea of this book very roughly, these two antagonistic typical conceptions of God may be best contrasted by speaking of one of them as God-as-Nature or the Creator, and of the other as God-as-Christ or the Redeemer. One is the great Outward God; the other is the Inmost God.

    The first idea was perhaps developed most highly and completely in the God of Spinoza. It is a conception of God tending to pantheism, to an idea of a comprehensive God as ruling with justice rather than affection, to a conception of aloofness and awestriking worshipfulness. The second idea, which is contradictory to this idea of an absolute God, is the God of the human heart.

    Hg wells biography and works Moreau's House of Pain Archived from the original on 8 November Wells: A Literary Life by Adam Roberts is a rich and provocative feast for students of Wells, novice and specialist alike. In his middle years Wells went through a phase of defending the concept of a "finite God," similar to the god of such process theologians as Samuel Alexander , Edgar Brightman , and Charles Hartshorne.

    The writer suggested that the great outline of the theological struggles of that phase of civilisation and world unity which produced Christianity, was a persistent but unsuccessful attempt to get these two different ideas of God into one focus.[]

    Later in the work, he aligns himself with a "renascent or modern religion&#; neither atheist nor Buddhist nor Mohammedan nor Christian&#; [that] he has found growing up in himself".[]

    Of Christianity, he said: "it is not now true for me.&#; Every believing Christian is, I am sure, my spiritual brother&#; but if systemically I called myself a Christian I feel that to most men I should imply too much and so tell a lie".

    Of other world religions, he writes: "All these religions are true for me as Canterbury Cathedral is a true thing and as a Swiss chalet is a true thing. There they are, and they have served a purpose, they have worked. Only they are not true for me to live in them.&#; They do not work for me".[] In The Fate of Homo Sapiens (), Wells criticised almost all world religions and philosophies, stating "there is no creed, no way of living left in the world at all, that really meets the needs of the time&#; When we come to look at them coolly and dispassionately, all the main religions, patriotic, moral and customary systems in which human beings are sheltering today, appear to be in a state of jostling and mutually destructive movement, like the houses and palaces and other buildings of some vast, sprawling city overtaken by a landslide."[]

    Wells's opposition to organised religion reached a fever pitch in with publication of his book Crux Ansata, subtitled "An Indictment of the Roman Catholic Church" in which he attacked Catholicism, Pope Pius XII and called for the bombing of the city of Rome.[]

    Literary influence and legacy

    The science fiction historian John Clute describes Wells as "the most important writer the genre has yet seen", and notes his work has been central to both British and American science fiction.[] Science fiction author and critic Algis Budrys said Wells "remains the outstanding expositor of both the hope, and the despair, which are embodied in the technology and which are the major facts of life in our world".[] He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in , , , and [10] Wells so influenced real exploration of space that impact craters on Mars and the Moon were named after him:[]

    Wells's genius was his ability to create a stream of brand new, wholly original stories out of thin air.

    Originality was Wells's calling card. In a six-year stretch from to , he produced a stream of what he called "scientific romance" novels, which included The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds and The First Men in the Moon. This was a dazzling display of new thought, endlessly copied since.

    A book like The War of the Worlds inspired every one of the thousands of alien invasion stories that followed. It burned its way into the psyche of mankind and changed us all forever.

    —&#;Cultural historian John Higgs, The Guardian.[]

    In the United Kingdom, Wells's work was a key model for the British "scientific romance", and other writers in that mode, such as Olaf Stapledon,[]J.

    D. Beresford,[]S. Fowler Wright,[] and Naomi Mitchison,[] all drew on Wells's example. Wells was also an important influence on British science fiction of the period after the Second World War, with Arthur C. Clarke[